Role of Nitric Oxide in the Effect of Nebivolol

Role of Nitric Oxide in the Effect of Nebivolol buffer RTICLEROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE EFFECT OF NEBIVOLOL ON ISOLATED TRACHEAL MUSCLE OF GUINEA devourAsma Shaukat, Naila Abrar*, Ayesha Naureen**, Muhammad Nawaz***Background The use of beta blockers is limited by their ability to produce bronchospasm in asthmatics. Third multiplication -blockers like Nebivolol whitethorn show better tolerability because they may sum up the liberation of azotic oxide (NO) from ceaseothelial cells. tho the involvement of NO in the respiratory erect of Nebivolol remains controversial. The present study, carried out on unaffectionate tracheal muscular tissue-builder strips of guinea pigs, was designed to explore this controversy. Method Varying concentration of histamine ranging from 107 M to 103 M were used to plot a concentration reply thin on the isolated tracheal bodybuilder strips of guinea pig and was used as a control. The equal concentration response ignore was plotted in movem ent of a fixed concentration of Nebivolol 106 M and then again in presence of a fixed concentration of L-Nitro Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) 104 M and Nebivolol 106 M together in a series of experiments using six sets of isolated tracheal sinew strips in each case. Results Nebivolol did not produce every significant shift in the concentration response curve while in the presence of L-NAME, Nebivolol shifted the histamine concentration response curve upwards and to the left. Conclusion Nebivolol does not augment the histamine induced contraction of respiratory smooth muscularity of guinea pig but in the presence of Nitric Oxide inhibitor L-NAME a significant augmentation of the same curve occurs, indicating a role of NO in the miserliness of respiratory smooth muscle by Nebivolol.Keywords Nebivolol, L-NAME, Concentration response curve, Tracheal muscleINTRODUCTION pulmonic diseases with bronchial hyperactivity can be worsened or even precipitated by 2 adrenoceptor blockage more commonly seen with non-selective -blockers.1 Nebivolol is a third genesis -blocker which may have advantage over classical -lockers repayable to its save issuing on tracheal muscle attributed to its ability to augment the release of NO from endothelial cells.2,3 The potent cause of NO on vascular smooth muscle and its presence in major(ip) conducting air lanes raises the possibility that it could contribute to the regulation of airway smooth muscle tone.4 However, the involvement of NO in the spare effect of nebivolol on respiratory muscle is still controversial. Dal total darkness et al, and Clini et al have report in their in vivo study that single free-and-easy dose of nebivolol does not affect the production of exhaled NO in patients with mild to mode prescribe asthma.5,6 Still there are some studies which report that increase in NO release by nebivolol may contribute to its respiratory effect.1,7 All the aforementioned review of literary works therefore reveals the f act that there is no consensus on the role of NO in the respiratory effects of nebivolol and needs further elucidation. The present study was therefore aimed to explore the role of nitric oxide in modulating the effect of nebivolol on tracheal muscle of guinea pig.MATERIAL AND METHODSThe present study has been conducted on the isolated tracheal smooth muscle of 24 guinea pigs (male and female) of Dunkin Hartley variety weighing 500 to 600 grams. Ethics Committee acclamation of the protocol was obtained. The animals were housed at animal house of Army Medical College, Rawalpindi at room temperature, and were given ping water ad libitum and were fed with a standard diet. Krebs Henseleit resultant was used as the nutrient firmness the composition of which per 1000 ml is NaCl 118.2 mM, KCl 4.7 mM, MgSO4.7H2O 1.2 mM, CaCl2 2.5 mM, KH2PO4 1.3 mM, NaHCO3 25.0 mM, Dextrose 11.7 mM. Solutions of all drugs were prepared in the distilled water except for nebivolol the solution of which wa s prepared in Dimethyl sulphoxide since nebivolol is highly lipophilic and insoluble in water.8The trachea was obtained from guinea pigs and preserved in Krebs solution. Rings, 23 mm wide were formed from it and cut into strips by a longitudinal cut on the ventral side opposite to the smooth muscle. The strip was then suspended in a tissue bath of 50 ml capacity, containing Krebs solution at 37 C and was aerated with oxygen continuously. Its one end was attached to the oxygen tube while the other end was connected to an isometric force displacement transducer. The tissue was equilibrated for 45 minutes against an imposed tension of cardinal grams. A tension of one gram was applied to the tracheal strip continuously finishedout the experiments.9 The trachealis muscle activity was recorded through the transducer on 4-channel oscillograph by adding various concentrations of histamine, i.e., 10-7 to 103 M with an interval of 10 minutes between each concentration. Six experiments wer e performed and the mean response for each concentration was worked out. A concentration response curve was obtained by plotting the percent contraction against the logarithm of concentrations.In the second group tracheal muscle strips were pretreated with fixed dose of nebivolol (106 M) for 15 minutes while in third group trachea was pretreated with L-NAME (104 M) for 15 minutes and then the same procedure was followed for different concentrations of histamine.10 In the fourth group the tracheal muscle was first pretreated with fixed concentration of L-NAME for 15 minutes followed by nebivolol again for 15 minutes. Then the same procedure was followed. The results have been expressed as MeanSEM using Microsoft Excel. The differences between the observations were considered significant if the p-value was slight than 0.05 by using Students t-test.RESULTSGroup-1 was taken as the control group and percent response with 103 M in group-1 was taken as 100% and responses with other concen trations were compared with it (Table-1).Table-1 Comparison of Group 1 with Group 2Table-2 Comparison of Group 1 with Group 3Table-3 Comparison of Group 2 with Group 4DISCUSSIONFrom the above findings, it is inferred that nebivolol has no significant effect on histamine-induced contractions of tracheal smooth muscle. These findings support the results of in vivo study whereby nebivolol, both acutely or chronically administered, did not affect airway responsiveness to inhaled histamine in rabbits.7 Similar findings have been reported in other in vivo studies. In a study conducted by De Clerck et al., (1989) it was reported that nebivolol decreased heart rate without significantly increasing pulmonary reactivity to histamine. 11In this study some aspects concerned with the tools that may be responsible for the lack of bronchoconstrictor effect of nebivolol on tracheal smooth muscle were explored. There may be many possible mechanisms which can explain the sparing effect of nebivolol. It is the most selective 1-adrenoceptor antagonist currently available for clinical use its 1 selectivity is 3.5 multiplication more than bisoprolol which was previously considered as the most cardioselective blocker. Beta 1 receptor selectivity is an important determinant of less incidence of bronchoconstriction and other adverse effects seen with cardioselective blockers.3 However some(prenominal) in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that cardioselective blockers much(prenominal) as atenolol and metoprolol do increase airway hyperresponsiveness, though to a lesser extent. De Clerck et al, (1989) compared the bronchoconstrictor effects of atenolol, nebivolol and propranolol in guinea pigs and they reported that bronchoconstriction was greatest with propranolol followed by atenolol while nebivolol had sparing effect.11 So the different effect of nebivolol can not be fully explained by its 1 selectivity.7 Another possible mechanism is that the effect of nebivolol may be becau se of partial agonist activity at 2 receptors but several studies have shown that nebivolol lacks partial agonist activity at 2 receptors.12 Therefore, this mechanism does not seem to be plausible.Nebivolol has been reported to modulate the endogenous production of NO.1 Nitric oxide is an important endogenous bronchodilator and is generated by a family of NO synthase isoforms in the airways.13 Considering the potential role of endogenous NO in the control of airways, its role was evaluated in the effects of nebivolol. For that purpose, L-NAME which is a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase was used. In one group effect of histamine was studied on tracheal muscle strips pretreated with fixed concentrations of L-NAME (10-4M) and its curve was compared with curve of control group. The difference was statistically insignificant indicating the absence of any effect of L-NAME on histamine induced contraction of tracheal muscle. In another group, the isolated tracheal muscle of g uinea pig was pretreated with fixed concentrations of L-NAME (10-4M) and nebivolol (10-6M) respectively and then the effects of histamine were studied on this tissue model. At all the concentrations of histamine contraction of tracheal muscle was augmented and the p-value was 14,15 Nitric oxide that is released may interfere with the cholinergic neurotransmission both by functional antagonism on airway smooth muscle or via pre-junctional inhibition of release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve terminals. These findings suggest that NO indeed has some role in the sparing effect of nebivolol on the airways. This may be due(p) to the reason that nebivolol induced-bronchoconstriction is counter balanced by the release of NO by nebivolol which causes bronchodilation resulting in the overall sparing effect of nebivolol on the airway smooth muscle. The NO-mediated inhibition of the acetylcholine-dependent bronchoconstriction may thus contribute to explain the differences between neb ivolol and other -blockers on the airway responsiveness.CONCLUSIONNO may be responsible for sparing effect of nebivolol on airway smooth muscle. This may be due to the reason that nebivolol like classical beta blockers induces bronchospasm which is counter balanced by the relaxant effect of nitric oxide released by nebivolol thus lacking the net effect on airway smooth muscle.REFERENCESDal Negro R. Pulmonary effects of nebivolol. Ther Adv Cardiovas Dis 2009332934.Scheen AJ. Pharma-clinics medication of the month, nebivolol Rev Med Liege 20015678891.Bundkirchen A, Brixius K, Blck B, Nguyen Q, Schwinger RH. Beta 1-adrenoceptor selectivity of nebivolol and bisoprolol. A comparison of 3HCGP 12.177 and 125Iiodocyanopindolol binding studies. Eur J Pharmacol 20034601926.Matera MG. Nitric oxide and airways. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 1998113418.5. Dal Negro RW, Tognella S, Pomari C. Once daily nebivolol does not reduce airway patency in patients with COPD and arterial hypertension. Clin Drug Inves t 20022236167.6. Clini E, Bianchi L, Pagani M, Ambrosino N.. endogenetic nitric oxide in patients with stable COAD Correlates with severity of disease. Thorax 1998538813.Agostino BD, Gallelli L, Falciani M, Fici F, Mangrella M. Nebivolol and airway responsiveness in the rabbit. aliveness Sci 200168215968.Quang TT, Rozec B, Audigane L, Gauthier C. Investigation of the different adrenoceptor targets of nebivolol enantiomers in rat thoracic aorta. 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The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. eleventh edition, New York Mc GrawHill 2006. p. 21568.Maarsingh H, Leusink J, Zaagsma J, Meurs H. Role of the L-citrulline/L-arginine cycle in iNANC nerve-mediated nitric oxide production and airway smooth muscle relaxation in allergic asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2006546(1-3)1716.Ignarro LJ. Experimental evidences of nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatory activity of nebivolol, a third generation beta-blocker. Blood Press Suppl 20041216.Ricciardolo FL. Multiple roles of nitric oxide in the airways. Thorax 200358 one hundred seventy-five82 Address for CorrespondenceDr. Asma Shaukat, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Abbottabad International Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Res 438, Link Road, Aram Bagh, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Tel +92-992-331588e-mail emailprotected